OSPF: Anatomy of an Internet Routing Protocol
OSPF: Anatomy of an Internet Routing Protocol
Measuring ISP topologies with rocketfuel
Proceedings of the 2002 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Design and Implementation of MPLS Network Simulator Supporting LDP and CR-LDP
ICON '00 Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Networks
Achieving sub-second IGP convergence in large IP networks
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Characterization of failures in an operational IP backbone network
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Towards automated performance diagnosis in a large IPTV network
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2009 conference on Data communication
Cross-layer techniques for failure restoration of IP multicast with applications to IPTV
COMSNETS'10 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on COMmunication systems and NETworks
Video multicast using layered FEC and scalable compression
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
The Journal of Supercomputing
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Recent applications such as broadcast TV distribution over an IP network require that stringent QoS constraints, such as low latency and loss be met. Streaming content in IPTV is typically delivered to distribution points on an IP backbone using IP multicast, in particular Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM). Local restoration from link failures using MPLS or layer-2 Fast Reroute (FRR) is a proven technique to achieve rapid failure restoration. Link-based FRR creates a pseudo-wire or tunnel in parallel to the IP adjacencies; thus, single link failures are transparent to the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) such as OSPF. Although one may choose the back-up path's IGP link weights appropriately to avoid traffic overlap during any single physical link failure, multiple failures may still cause packet loss because of (a) congestion resulting from overlap of an active FRR path with the multicast tree, (b) congestion resulting from overlap of two active FRR paths, or (c) a hit resulting from an OSPF reconvergence after the failure of a link in an active FRR path. We present a cross-layer restoration approach that combines both FRR-based restoration for single link failures and ''hitless'' (i.e., without loss) PIM tree reconfiguration algorithms to prevent traffic overlap when multiple failures occur. We demonstrate the efficacy of our schemes through simulations. The average recovery time on double failures can be reduced from more than 10s to only approximately 100ms with our enhancements.