Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Understanding and mitigating the impact of RF interference on 802.11 networks
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
On the performance of Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15.4 radios in a body area network
BodyNets '08 Proceedings of the ICST 3rd international conference on Body area networks
Experimental Study of the Impact of WLAN Interference on IEEE 802.15.4 Body Area Networks
EWSN '09 Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks
White space networking with wi-fi like connectivity
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2009 conference on Data communication
Mining spectrum usage data: a large-scale spectrum measurement study
Proceedings of the 15th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
An empirical study of low-power wireless
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Multichannel reliability assessment in real world WSNs
Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
Surviving wi-fi interference in low power ZigBee networks
Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
Packet Error Rate Analysis of ZigBee Under WLAN and Bluetooth Interferences
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
SoNIC: classifying interference in 802.15.4 sensor networks
Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
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Home area networks (HANs) consisting of wireless sensors have emerged as the enabling technology for important applications such as smart energy. These applications impose unique QoS constraints, requiring low data rates but high network reliability in the face of unpredictable wireless environments. This paper presents two in-depth empirical studies on wireless channels in real homes, providing key design guidelines for meeting the QoS constraints of HAN applications. The spectrum study analyzes spectrum usage in the 2.4 GHz band where HANs based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard must coexist with existing wireless devices. We characterize the ambient wireless environment in six apartments through passive spectrum analysis across the entire 2.4 GHz band over seven days in each apartment. We find that the wireless conditions in these residential environments are much more complex and varied than in a typical office environment. Moreover, while 802.11 signals play a significant role in spectrum usage, there also exists non-negligible noise from non-802.11 devices. The multichannel link study measures the reliability of different 802.15.4 channels through active probing with motes in ten apartments. We find that there is not always a persistently reliable channel over 24 hours, and that link reliability does not exhibit cyclic behavior at daily or weekly timescales. Nevertheless, reliability can be maintained through infrequent channel hopping, suggesting dynamic channel hopping as a key tool for meeting the QoS requirements of HAN applications. Our empirical studies provide important guidelines and insights in designing HANs for residential environments.