Factoring bivariate lacunary polynomials without heights
Proceedings of the 38th international symposium on International symposium on symbolic and algebraic computation
On Enumerating Monomials and Other Combinatorial Structures by Polynomial Interpolation
Theory of Computing Systems
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The sum of square roots problem over integers is the task of deciding the sign of a non-zero sum, S = \sum_{i=1}^{n}{\delta_i \cdot \sqrt{a_i}}, where\delta_i \in \{ +1, -1\}$ and $a_i's are positive integers that are upper bounded by N (say). A fundamental open question in numerical analysis and computational geometry is whether \abs{S} \geq 1/2^{(n \cdot \log N)^{O(1)}} when S \neq 0. We study a formulation of this problem over polynomials: Given an expression S = \sum_{i=1}^{n}{c_i \cdot \sqrt{f_i(x)}}, where c_i's belong to a field of characteristic 0 and f_i's are univariate polynomials with degree bounded by d and f_i(0) \neq 0$ for all $i, is it true that the minimum exponent of x which has a nonzero coefficient in the power series S is upper bounded by (n \cdot d)^{O(1)}, unless S=0$? We answer this question affirmatively. Further, we show that this result over polynomials can be used to settle (positively) the sum of square roots problem for a special class of integers: Suppose each integer a_i is of the form, a_i = X^{d_i} + b_{i 1} X^{d_i - 1} + \ldots + b_{i d_i, \hspace{0.1in} d_i 0, , where X is a positive real number and b_{i j}'s are integers. Let B = \max_{i,j}\{\abs{b_{i j}}\} and d = \max_i\{d_i\}$. If $X (B+1)^{(n \cdot d)^{O(1)}} then a \emph{non-zero} S = \sum_{i=1}^{n}{\delta_i \cdot \sqrt{a_i}} is lower bounded as \abs{S} \geq 1/X^{(n \cdot d)^{O(1)}}. The constant in the O(1) notation, as fixed by our analysis, is roughly 2. We then consider the following more general problem: given an arithmetic circuit computing a multivariate polynomial f(\vecx) and integer d, is the degree of f(\vecx) less than or equal to d? We give a , \mathsf{coRP}^{\mathsf{PP}}-algorithm for this problem, improving previous results of \cite{ABKM09} and \cite{KP07}.