Proportional rate reduction for TCP
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement conference
Understanding bufferbloat in cellular networks
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Cellular networks: operations, challenges, and future design
Tackling bufferbloat in 3G/4G networks
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Internet measurement conference
Fairness among high speed and traditional TCP under different queue management mechanisms
Proceedings of the Asian Internet Engineeering Conference
On the state of ECN and TCP options on the internet
PAM'13 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Passive and Active Measurement
Cross-path inference attacks on multipath TCP
Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks
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The Internet has recently been evolving from homogeneous congestion control to heterogeneous congestion control. Several years ago, Internet traffic was mainly controlled by the traditional AIMD algorithm, whereas Internet traffic is now controlled by many different TCP algorithms, such as AIMD, BIC, CUBIC, and CTCP. However, there is very little work on the performance and stability study of the Internet with heterogeneous congestion control. One fundamental reason is the lack of the deployment information of different TCP algorithms. In this paper, we first propose a tool called TCP Congestion Avoidance Algorithm Identification (CAAI) for actively identifying the TCP algorithm of a remote web server. CAAI can identify all default TCP algorithms (i.e., AIMD, BIC, CUBIC, and CTCP) and most non-default TCP algorithms of major operating system families. We then present, for the first time, the CAAI measurement result of the 5000 most popular web servers. Among the web servers with valid traces, we found that only 16.85~25.58\% of web servers still use the traditional AIMD, 44.51\% of web servers use BIC or CUBIC, and 10.27$\sim$19\% of web servers use CTCP. In addition, we found that, for the first time, some web servers use non-default TCP algorithms, some web servers use some unknown TCP algorithms which are not available in any major operating system family, and some web servers use abnormal slow start algorithms. Our CAAI measurement results show a strong sign that the majority of TCP flows are not controlled by AIMD anymore, and a strong sign that the Internet congestion control has already changed from homogeneous to highly heterogeneous.