The Media Equation Does Not Always Apply: People are not Polite Towards Small Computers
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Differences in effect of robot and screen agent recommendations on human decision-making
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
Comparing a computer agent with a humanoid robot
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Comparing an On-Screen Agent with a Robotic Agent in Non-Face-to-Face Interactions
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Can users react toward an on-screen agent as if they are reacting toward a robotic agent?
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
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We experimentally investigated users' reactions toward an on-screen agent appearing on three different types of media: a 42-inch television (120 cm away from participants), 17-inch display (80 cm), and 4.5-inch mobile PC (40 cm). Specifically, we observed whether the users accepted the agent's invitation to a Shiritori game while they were engaged in given tasks. The results showed that most participants who received the invitation from the on-screen agent appearing on a 4.5-inch mobile PC accepted the agent's invitation, while most participants did not accept the invitation from the agent appearing on the other two formats. We then investigated their reactions toward the agent the other situation; that is, appearing on 42-inch television (80 cm away), 17-inch display (40 cm) and 4.5-inch mobile PC (80 cm). The results showed that the participants still significantly accepted the invitation from the on-screen agent appearing on the 4.5- inch mobile PC from 40 cm away, and then clarified that both factors of the shorter distance from the agent and of the appropriate media type affected the participants behaviors whether they accepted or rejected the agents' invitations.