International Journal of Computer Vision
Handbook of pattern recognition & computer vision
Texture Segmentation Using Fractal Dimension
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
WordNet: a lexical database for English
Communications of the ACM
Periodicity, Directionality, and Randomness: Wold Features for Image Modeling and Retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Texture Features for Browsing and Retrieval of Image Data
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Region Competition: Unifying Snakes, Region Growing, and Bayes/MDL for Multiband Image Segmentation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Game-Theoretic Integration for Image Segmentation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Normalized Cuts and Image Segmentation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Content-Based Image Retrieval at the End of the Early Years
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Unsupervised Segmentation of Color-Texture Regions in Images and Video
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
SIMPLIcity: Semantics-Sensitive Integrated Matching for Picture LIbraries
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Mean Shift: A Robust Approach Toward Feature Space Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Image Segmentation by Data-Driven Markov Chain Monte Carlo
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Contour and Texture Analysis for Image Segmentation
International Journal of Computer Vision
Blobworld: Image Segmentation Using Expectation-Maximization and Its Application to Image Querying
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Image Information Systems: Where Do We Go From Here?
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
An Intelligent Image Database System
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Machine Learning
A bit-pattern-based matrix strategy for efficient iconic indexing of symbolic pictures
Pattern Recognition Letters
Object Recognition as Machine Translation: Learning a Lexicon for a Fixed Image Vocabulary
ECCV '02 Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Computer Vision-Part IV
Indoor-Outdoor Image Classification
CAIVD '98 Proceedings of the 1998 International Workshop on Content-Based Access of Image and Video Databases (CAIVD '98)
Image Indexing Using Color Correlograms
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Histogram refinement for content-based image retrieval
WACV '96 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV '96)
Automatic image annotation and retrieval using cross-media relevance models
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Automatic Linguistic Indexing of Pictures by a Statistical Modeling Approach
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Video Google: A Text Retrieval Approach to Object Matching in Videos
ICCV '03 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
2D Z-string: a new spatial knowledge representation for image databases
Pattern Recognition Letters
A bootstrapping approach to annotating large image collection
MIR '03 Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGMM international workshop on Multimedia information retrieval
Content-based image classification using a neural network
Pattern Recognition Letters
Proceedings of the 27th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Grouping web image search result
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Hierarchical clustering of WWW image search results using visual, textual and link information
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
MMM '05 Proceedings of the 11th International Multimedia Modelling Conference
Random Subwindows for Robust Image Classification
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01
Using One-Class and Two-Class SVMs for Multiclass Image Annotation
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
A Probabilistic Semantic Model for Image Annotation and Multi-Modal Image Retrieva
ICCV '05 Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1 - Volume 01
Image annotations by combining multiple evidence & wordNet
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Content-based multimedia information retrieval: State of the art and challenges
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
Inverted files for text search engines
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
AnnoSearch: Image Auto-Annotation by Search
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2
Scalable search-based image annotation of personal images
MIR '06 Proceedings of the 8th ACM international workshop on Multimedia information retrieval
IGroup: web image search results clustering
MULTIMEDIA '06 Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Image annotation refinement using random walk with restarts
MULTIMEDIA '06 Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Real-time computerized annotation of pictures
MULTIMEDIA '06 Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Incorporating multiple SVMs for automatic image annotation
Pattern Recognition
A survey of content-based image retrieval with high-level semantics
Pattern Recognition
Supervised Learning of Semantic Classes for Image Annotation and Retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Image annotation: which approach for realistic databases?
Proceedings of the 6th ACM international conference on Image and video retrieval
A Shape Ontology Framework for Bird Classification
DICTA '07 Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Conference of the Australian Pattern Recognition Society on Digital Image Computing Techniques and Applications
Image retrieval: Ideas, influences, and trends of the new age
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Scalable Markov model-based image annotation
CIVR '08 Proceedings of the 2008 international conference on Content-based image and video retrieval
Learning to reduce the semantic gap in web image retrieval and annotation
Proceedings of the 31st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Hybrid Content-Based Trademark Retrieval Using Region and Contour Features
AINAW '08 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications - Workshops
Real-Time Computerized Annotation of Pictures
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Categorization of Image Regions Using Dominant Color Based Vector Quantization
DICTA '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications
Semantic Scene Classification for Image Annotation and Retrieval
SSPR & SPR '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Joint IAPR International Workshop on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
An efficient computation method for the texture browsing descriptor of MPEG-7
Image and Vision Computing
Semantic Image Retrieval Using Region Based Inverted File
DICTA '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications
SIEVE: search images effectively through visual elimination
MCAM'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Multimedia content analysis and mining
OLYBIA: ontology-based automatic image annotation system using semantic inference rules
DASFAA'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Database systems for advanced applications
Multiple Bernoulli relevance models for image and video annotation
CVPR'04 Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
Markov Random Field Texture Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automated image annotation using global features and robust nonparametric density estimation
CIVR'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Image and Video Retrieval
A new feature of uniformity of image texture directions coinciding with the human eyes perception
FSKD'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery - Volume Part II
CIVR'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Image and Video Retrieval
Region based color image retrieval using curvelet transform
ACCV'09 Proceedings of the 9th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Minimum probability of error image retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Color Image Segmentation Based on Mean Shift and Normalized Cuts
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Image classification for content-based indexing
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
The curvelet transform for image denoising
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
An efficient and effective region-based image retrieval framework
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Relevance feedback: a power tool for interactive content-based image retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
CBSA: content-based soft annotation for multimodal image retrieval using Bayes point machines
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Support vector machines for histogram-based image classification
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
What is happening: annotating images with verbs
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia
An efficient two-stage framework for image annotation
Pattern Recognition
A novel method for image retrieval based on structure elements' descriptor
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Automatic image tagging using two-layered Bayesian networks and mobile data from smart phones
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing & Multimedia
Content-based annotation and classification framework: a general multi-purpose approach
Proceedings of the 17th International Database Engineering & Applications Symposium
Structural image retrieval using automatic image annotation and region based inverted file
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Neighborhood rough sets based multi-label classification for automatic image annotation
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
Semantic context based refinement for news video annotation
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Effective automatic image annotation via integrated discriminative and generative models
Information Sciences: an International Journal
A mobile picture tagging system using tree-structured layered Bayesian networks
Mobile Information Systems
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Nowadays, more and more images are available. However, to find a required image for an ordinary user is a challenging task. Large amount of researches on image retrieval have been carried out in the past two decades. Traditionally, research in this area focuses on content based image retrieval. However, recent research shows that there is a semantic gap between content based image retrieval and image semantics understandable by humans. As a result, research in this area has shifted to bridge the semantic gap between low level image features and high level semantics. The typical method of bridging the semantic gap is through the automatic image annotation (AIA) which extracts semantic features using machine learning techniques. In this paper, we focus on this latest development in image retrieval and provide a comprehensive survey on automatic image annotation. We analyse key aspects of the various AIA methods, including both feature extraction and semantic learning methods. Major methods are discussed and illustrated in details. We report our findings and provide future research directions in the AIA area in the conclusions