An impossibility result in axiomatic location theory
Mathematics of Operations Research
Storing semistructured data with STORED
SIGMOD '99 Proceedings of the 1999 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval
Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval
Querying XML Documents Made Easy: Nearest Concept Queries
Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Data Engineering
Agora: Living with XML and Relational
VLDB '00 Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
Efficient Relational Storage and Retrieval of XML Documents
Selected papers from the Third International Workshop WebDB 2000 on The World Wide Web and Databases
Proceedings of the Seventeenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Twelfth Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence
DVQ: Towards Visual Query Processing of XML Database Systems
World Wide Web
XRANK: ranked keyword search over XML documents
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
From XML Schema to Relations: A Cost-Based Approach to XML Storage
ICDE '02 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Data Engineering
Keyword Searching and Browsing in Databases using BANKS
ICDE '02 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Data Engineering
A Prime Number Labeling Scheme for Dynamic Ordered XML Trees
ICDE '04 Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Data Engineering
ORDPATHs: insert-friendly XML node labels
SIGMOD '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Dynamically Updating XML Data: Numbering Scheme Revisited
World Wide Web
Efficient keyword search for smallest LCAs in XML databases
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Bidirectional expansion for keyword search on graph databases
VLDB '05 Proceedings of the 31st international conference on Very large data bases
XQBE: A Graphical Environment to Query XML Data
World Wide Web
Keyword Proximity Search in XML Trees
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Précis: The Essence of a Query Answer
ICDE '06 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Data Engineering
Finding and approximating top-k answers in keyword proximity search
Proceedings of the twenty-fifth ACM SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART symposium on Principles of database systems
Evaluating the effectiveness of content-oriented XML retrieval methods
Information Retrieval
eXtended cumulated gain measures for the evaluation of content-oriented XML retrieval
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Multiway SLCA-based keyword search in XML data
Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web
BLINKS: ranked keyword searches on graphs
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Identifying meaningful return information for XML keyword search
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
XSEarch: a semantic search engine for XML
VLDB '03 Proceedings of the 29th international conference on Very large data bases - Volume 29
VLDB '04 Proceedings of the Thirtieth international conference on Very large data bases - Volume 30
Effective keyword search for valuable lcas over xml documents
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management
XSeek: a semantic XML search engine using keywords
VLDB '07 Proceedings of the 33rd international conference on Very large data bases
Efficient LCA based keyword search in XML data
EDBT '08 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Extending database technology: Advances in database technology
Query biased snippet generation in XML search
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Keyword proximity search in complex data graphs
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Reasoning and identifying relevant matches for XML keyword search
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
Keyword search on external memory data graphs
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
eXtract: a snippet generation system for XML search
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
Practical and effective IR-style keyword search over semantic web
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Answering Keyword Queries on XML Using Materialized Views
ICDE '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE 24th International Conference on Data Engineering
Top-k Exploration of Query Candidates for Efficient Keyword Search on Graph-Shaped (RDF) Data
ICDE '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering
Effective XML Keyword Search with Relevance Oriented Ranking
ICDE '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering
DDE: from dewey to a fully dynamic XML labeling scheme
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data
Specificity Aboutness in XML Retrieval
ICTIR '09 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval: Advances in Information Retrieval Theory
Return specification inference and result clustering for keyword search on XML
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
Fast ELCA computation for keyword queries on XML data
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Extending Database Technology
Suggestion of promising result types for XML keyword search
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Extending Database Technology
Using topic shifts for focussed access to XML repositories
ECIR'07 Proceedings of the 29th European conference on IR research
Ontology-based interpretation of keywords for semantic search
ISWC'07/ASWC'07 Proceedings of the 6th international The semantic web and 2nd Asian conference on Asian semantic web conference
SPARK: adapting keyword query to semantic search
ISWC'07/ASWC'07 Proceedings of the 6th international The semantic web and 2nd Asian conference on Asian semantic web conference
Improving XML search by generating and utilizing informative result snippets
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
L-Tree: a dynamic labeling structure for ordered XML data
EDBT'04 Proceedings of the 2004 international conference on Current Trends in Database Technology
Structural feedback for keyword-based XML retrieval
ECIR'06 Proceedings of the 28th European conference on Advances in Information Retrieval
Efficient keyword search on large tree structured datasets
KEYS '12 Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Keyword Search on Structured Data
SODA: generating SQL for business users
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
Exploiting and Maintaining Materialized Views for XML Keyword Queries
ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)
ELCA evaluation for keyword search on probabilistic XML data
World Wide Web
Search and result presentation in scientific workflow repositories
Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management
Efficient query processing for XML keyword queries based on the IDList index
The VLDB Journal — The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases
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Keyword search is a user-friendly approach for users to retrieve information from XML data. Since an XML document can have a large size and contain a lot of information, an XML keyword search result should be a fragment of an XML document dynamically constructed at query time, which is achievable due to the structuredness of XML. Processing keyword searches on XML has several challenges, e.g., what are the elements in the XML document that are relevant to the query? How to generate the results efficiently and rank the results meaningfully? How to present the results to the user in a way such that the user can quickly find the desired information? In this survey, we review the papers in the literature that attempted to address these problems. We divide the existing approaches into several classes based on the problem they tackled, and perform a comprehensive analysis of these works.