Reasoning About Time in Higher-Level Language Software
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
A comparative review of CASE shells: a preliminary framework and research outcomes
Information and Management
A survey of object oriented analysis and design methods (tutorial)
ICSE '97 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Software engineering
Power estimation of embedded systems: a hardware/software codesign approach
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Refactoring: improving the design of existing code
Refactoring: improving the design of existing code
System-level power optimization: techniques and tools
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
Experience with Performance Testing of Software Systems: Issues, an Approach, and Case Study
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Performance specification of software components
SSR '01 Proceedings of the 2001 symposium on Software reusability: putting software reuse in context
A cost-oriented methodology for the design of web based IT architectures
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Design Patterns CD: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, (CD-ROM)
Design Patterns CD: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, (CD-ROM)
The Cathedral and the Bazaar
Energy Metric for Software Systems
Software Quality Control
Designing Energy-Efficient Software
IPDPS '02 Proceedings of the 16th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium
Software factories: assembling applications with patterns, models, frameworks and tools
OOPSLA '03 Companion of the 18th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications
The Energy Impact of Aggressive Loop Fusion
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques
A Component-Based Programming Model for Autonomic Applications
ICAC '04 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomic Computing
Self-Optimization in Computer Systems via On-Line Control: Application to Power Management
ICAC '04 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomic Computing
Efficient and scalable compiler-directed energy optimization for realtime applications
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES)
Energy-efficient algorithms for flow time minimization
ACM Transactions on Algorithms (TALG)
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Component-Level Energy Consumption Estimation for Distributed Java-Based Software Systems
CBSE '08 Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Component-Based Software Engineering
Proceedings of the 8th international workshop on Specification and verification of component-based systems
Evolution for the sustainability of internetware
Proceedings of the Fourth Asia-Pacific Symposium on Internetware
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Context: The energy efficiency of IT systems, also referred to as Green IT, is attracting more and more attention. While several researchers have focused on the energy efficiency of hardware and embedded systems, the role of application software in IT energy consumption still needs investigation. Objective: This paper aims to define a methodology for measuring software energy efficiency and to understand the consequences of abstraction layers and application development environments for the energy efficiency of software applications. Method: We first develop a measure of energy efficiency that is appropriate for software applications. We then examine how the use of application development environments relates to this measure of energy efficiency for a sample of 63 open source software applications. Results: Our findings indicate that a greater use of application development environments - specifically, frameworks and external libraries - is more detrimental in terms of energy efficiency for larger applications than for smaller applications. We also find that different functional application types have distinctly different levels of energy efficiency, with text and image editing and gaming applications being the most energy inefficient due to their intense use of the processor. Conclusion: We conclude that different designs can have a significant impact on the energy efficiency of software applications. We have related the use of software application development environments to software energy efficiency suggesting that there may be a trade-off between development efficiency and energy efficiency. We propose new research to further investigate this topic.