Sub-sampling: Real-time vision for micro air vehicles
Robotics and Autonomous Systems
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The capability to visually discern possible obstacles from the sky would be a valuable asset to a UAV for avoiding both other flying vehicles and static obstacles in its environment. The main contribution of this article is the presentation of a feasible approach to obstacle avoidance based on the segmentation of camera images into sky and non-sky regions. The approach is named the Sky Segmentation Approach (SSA). The central concept is that potentially threatening static obstacles protrude from the horizon line. The main challenge for SSA is automatically interpreting the images robustly enough for use in various environments and fast enough for real-time performance. In order to achieve robust image segmentation, machine learning is applied to a large database of images with many different types of skies. From these images, different types of visual features are extracted, among which most of the features investigated in the literature. In the interest of execution speed and comprehensibility, decision trees are learned to map the feature values at an image location to a classification as sky or non-sky. The learned decision trees are fast enough to allow real-time execution on a Digital Signal Processor: it is run onboard a small UAV at ∼ 30 Hz. Experiments in simulation and preliminary experiments on a small UAV show the potential of SSA for achieving robust obstacle avoidance in urban areas.