Evaluation of safety-critical software
Communications of the ACM
Software safety in embedded computer systems
Communications of the ACM
Computer
Ethics and the Safety of Computer Systems
Computer - Special issue on cryptography
Implementing Design Diversity to Achieve Fault Tolerance
IEEE Software
Reliability Measurement: From Theory to Practice
IEEE Software
Measuring Dynamic Program Complexity
IEEE Software
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A holistic and dynamic approach is necessary to understand complex systems behaviour, where a single structural approch is too reductionist. Because Information systems present multiple interactions between hardware, software, and users, risk is inside systems, in the form of faults, and outside systems, when exposed to agents, directly or interconnected with networks. Thus, very few systems are completely free of risk; most of them are close to the limit, regarding certain risks.