Observations, measurements and semantic reference spaces
Applied Ontology - Ontological Foundations of Conceptual Modelling
Affordance-based similarity measurement for entity types
COSIT'07 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Spatial information theory
Proceedings of the 2010 conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference (FOIS 2010)
Ontology design patterns for semantic web content
ISWC'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on The Semantic Web
A logical geo-ontology design pattern for quantifying over types
Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems
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Referential qualities are qualities of an entity taken with reference to another entity. For example the vulnerability of a coast to sea level rise. In contrast to most non-relational qualities which only depend on their host, referential qualities require a referent additional to their host, i.e. a quality Q of an entity X taken with reference to another entity R. These qualities occur frequently in ecological systems, which make concepts from these systems challenging to model in formal ontology. In this paper, we discuss exemplary resilience, vulnerability and affordance as qualities of an entity taken with reference to an external factor. We suggest an ontology design pattern for referential qualities. The design pattern is anchored in the foundational ontology DOLCE and evaluated using implementations for the notions affordance, resilience and vulnerability.