A contextual based double watermarking of PET images by patient ID and ECG signal

Authors:
Mohammad-Saleh Nambakhsh;Alireza Ahmadian;Habib Zaidi
Affiliations:
Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, and Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada;Department of Biomedical Systems & Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran, Iran;Geneva University Hospital, Division of Nuclear Medicine, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
Venue:
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Year:
2011

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Abstract

This paper presents a novel digital watermarking framework using electrocardiograph (ECG) and demographic text data as double watermarks. It protects patient medical information and prevents mismatching diagnostic information. The watermarks are embedded in selected texture regions of a PET image using multi-resolution wavelet decomposition. Experimental results show that modifications in these locations are visually imperceptible. The robustness of the watermarks is verified through measurement of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), cross-correlation (CC%), structural similarity measure (SSIM) and universal image quality index (UIQI). Their robustness is also computed using pixel-based metrics and human visual system metrics. Additionally, beta factor (@b) as an edge preservation measure is used for degradation evaluation of the image boundaries throughout the watermarked PET image. Assessment of the extracted watermarks shows watermarking robustness to common attacks such as embedded zero-tree wavelet (EZW) compression and median filtering.