Object identifiers, keys, and surrogates: object identifiers revisited
Theory and Practice of Object Systems
The entity-relationship model—toward a unified view of data
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS) - Special issue: papers from the international conference on very large data bases: September 22–24, 1975, Framingham, MA
Information Modeling and Relational Databases
Information Modeling and Relational Databases
Representing and reasoning over a taxonomy of part-whole relations
Applied Ontology - Ontological Foundations of Conceptual Modelling
Reasoning on UML class diagrams
Artificial Intelligence
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Unlike identification with keys and reference schemes in ER and ORM, UML uses internal, system-generated, identifiers, with a little-known underspecified option for user-defined identifiers. To increase the ontological foundations of UML, we propose two language enhancements for UML, being formally defined simple and compound identifiers and the notion of defined class, which also have a corresponding extension of UML's metamodel.