Free-form deformation of solid geometric models
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Extended free-form deformation: a sculpturing tool for 3D geometric modeling
SIGGRAPH '90 Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Direct manipulation of free-form deformations
SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The NURBS book
Completely Derandomized Self-Adaptation in Evolution Strategies
Evolutionary Computation
A systems approach to evolutionary multiobjective structural optimization and beyond
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine
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The choice of an adequate representation plays a major role in any kind of evolutionary design optimisation. A flexible and preferably adaptive description of the shape is advantageous in many aspects as it guarantees a wide variety of geometry changes while keeping a low number of parameters. In the past free form deformation methods which are well known from the field of computer graphics have already been combined successfully with evolutionary optimisation. In the present paper general free form deformation (FFD) techniques are compared to the so-called direct manipulation (DM) of free form deformations method which promises several advantages in a design optimisation of complex systems. A general optimisation framework which allows the combination of these representations with evolutionary algorithms is described in detail. Its applicability is illustrated in a turbine blade test scenario to analyze the effects of the representations in evolutionary design optimisation.