Layered Learning in Multiagent Systems: A Winning Approach to Robotic Soccer
Layered Learning in Multiagent Systems: A Winning Approach to Robotic Soccer
Machine Learning
ECML '00 Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Machine Learning
Naive (Bayes) at Forty: The Independence Assumption in Information Retrieval
ECML '98 Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Machine Learning
Obtaining calibrated probability estimates from decision trees and naive Bayesian classifiers
ICML '01 Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning
Learning situation dependent success rates of actions in a RoboCup scenario
PRICAI'00 Proceedings of the 6th Pacific Rim international conference on Artificial intelligence
An analysis of Bayesian classifiers
AAAI'92 Proceedings of the tenth national conference on Artificial intelligence
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Learning and making decisions in a complex uncertain multiagent environment like RoboCup Soccer Simulation 3D is a non-trivial task. In this paper, a probabilistic approach to handle such uncertainty in RoboCup 3D is proposed, specifically a Naive Bayes classifier. Although its conditional independence assumption is not always accomplished, it has proved to be successful in a whole range of applications. Typically, the Naive Bayes model assumes discrete attributes, but in RoboCup 3D the attributes are continuous. In literature, Naive Bayes has been adapted to handle continuous attributes mainly using Gaussian distributions or discretizing the domain, both of which present certain disadvantages. In the former, the probability density of attributes is not always well-fitted by a normal distribution. In the latter, there can be loss of information. Instead of discretizing, the use of a Fuzzy Naive Bayes classifier is proposed in which attributes do not take a single value, but a set of values with a certain membership degree. Gaussian and Fuzzy Naive Bayes classifiers are implemented for the pass evaluation skill of 3D agents. The classifiers are trained with different number of training examples and different number of attributes. Each generated classifier is tested in a scenario with three teammates and four opponents. Additionally, Gaussian and Fuzzy approaches are compared versus a random pass selector. Finally, it is shown that the Fuzzy Naive Bayes approach offers very promising results in the RoboCup 3D domain.