Active shape models—their training and application
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Image Segmentation by Shape Particle Filtering
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 3 - Volume 03
Vertebral shape: automatic measurement with dynamically sequenced active appearance models
MICCAI'05 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention - Volume Part II
Spine Segmentation Using Articulated Shape Models
MICCAI '08 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - Part I
Segmentation of Lumbar Vertebrae Using Part-Based Graphs and Active Appearance Models
MICCAI '09 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention: Part II
Nonlinear embedding towards articulated spine shape inference using higher-order MRFs
MICCAI'10 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention: Part III
Active shape model with inter-profile modeling paradigm for cardiac right ventricle segmentation
MICCAI'12 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - Volume Part I
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A novel method for vertebral fracture quantification from X-ray images is presented. Using pairwise conditional shape models trained on a set of healthy spines, the most likely normal vertebra shapes are estimated conditional on all other vertebrae in the image. The differences between the true shape and the reconstructed normal shape is subsequently used as a measure of abnormality. In contrast with the current (semi-)quantitative grading strategies this method takes the full shape into account, it uses a patient-specific reference by combining population-based information on biological variation in vertebra shape and vertebra interrelations, and it provides a continuous measure of deformity. The method is demonstrated on 212 lateral spine radiographs with in total 78 fractures. The distance between prediction and true shape is 1.0 mm for unfractured vertebrae and 3.7 mm for fractures, which makes it possible to diagnose and assess the severity of a fracture.