One-way accumulators: a decentralized alternative to digital signatures
EUROCRYPT '93 Workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques on Advances in cryptology
On the generation of cryptographically strong pseudorandom sequences
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Communications of the ACM
PayWord and MicroMint: Two Simple Micropayment Schemes
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Security Protocols
NetCard - A Practical Electronic-Cash System
Proceedings of the International Workshop on Security Protocols
Security Aspects of the Ecash Payment System
State of the Art in Applied Cryptography, Course on Computer Security and Industrial Cryptography - Revised Lectures
Almost optimal hash sequence traversal
FC'02 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Financial cryptography
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One-way hash chains have been used in many micropayment schemes due to their simplicity and efficiency. In this paper we introduce the notion of multi-dimensional hash chains, which is a new generalization of traditional one-way hash chains. We show that this construction has storage-computational complexity of O(log2N) per chain element, which is comparable with the best result reported in recent literature. Based on multi-dimensional hash chains, we then propose two cash-like micropayment schemes, which have a number of advantages in terms of efficiency and security. We also point out some possible improvements to PayWord and similar schemes by using multi-dimensional hash chains.