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We present an algorithm for implementing byte-range locks using MPI passive-target one-sided communication. This algorithm is useful in any scenario in which multiple processes of a parallel program need to acquire exclusive access to a range of bytes. One application of this algorithm is for implementing MPI-IO’s atomic-access mode in the absence of atomicity guarantees from the underlying file system. Another application is for implementing data sieving, a technique for optimizing noncontiguous writes by doing an atomic read-modify-write of a large, contiguous block of data. This byte-range locking algorithm can be used instead of POSIX fcntl file locks on file systems that do not support fcntl locks, on file systems where fcntl locks are unreliable, and on file systems where fcntl locks perform poorly. Our performance results demonstrate that the algorithm has low overhead and significantly outperforms fcntl locks on NFS file systems on a Linux cluster and on a Sun SMP.