Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1: foundations
Neural networks and fuzzy systems: a dynamical systems approach to machine intelligence
Neural networks and fuzzy systems: a dynamical systems approach to machine intelligence
Fuzzy logic, neural networks, and soft computing
Communications of the ACM
Minimisation methods for training feedforward neural networks
Neural Networks
Fuzzy neural networks: a survey
Fuzzy Sets and Systems
Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition
Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition
Neural and Adaptive Systems: Fundamentals through Simulations with CD-ROM
Neural and Adaptive Systems: Fundamentals through Simulations with CD-ROM
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Intercensal and postcensal population estimates are essential in federal, state, and local governments planning and resource allocation. Traditionally, linear regression based models are widely used for projecting population distributions in a given region. We constructed population projection models with various types of artificial neural networks. Using historical census data, we tested the performance of the neural network models against the ratio correlation regression model that we have used for the last 20 years. The results indicate that properly trained neural networks outperform the regression model in both model fitting and projection. Among the different neural network models we tested, the fuzzy logic based neural network performed the best.