Untraceable off-line cash in wallet with observers
CRYPTO '93 Proceedings of the 13th annual international cryptology conference on Advances in cryptology
Trustee-based tracing extensions to anonymous cash and the making of anonymous change
Proceedings of the sixth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms
A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems
Communications of the ACM
Untraceable off-line electronic cash flow in e-commerce
ACSC '01 Proceedings of the 24th Australasian conference on Computer science
An Efficient Divisible Electronic Cash Scheme
CRYPTO '95 Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
"Indirect Discourse Proof": Achieving Efficient Fair Off-Line E-cash
ASIACRYPT '96 Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
Unlinkable Divisible Electronic Cash
ISW '00 Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Information Security
Protecting Mobile Agents Against Malicious Hosts
Mobile Agents and Security
On Digital Money and Card Technologies
On Digital Money and Card Technologies
Transferred cash grows in size
EUROCRYPT'92 Proceedings of the 11th annual international conference on Theory and application of cryptographic techniques
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Electronic cash is a payment system that enables a secure off-line transaction without revealing the payers identity. Concerning anonymity of user, it may be misused for illegal purposes through cloning the signed code delivered to a client in order to be spent in multi-payment processes, which is called "double spending". Many proposed electronic payment schemes have failed to reach a solution to prevent the double spending problem. This paper presents a solution for the double spending problem during electronic cash payment phase via proposing a mobile agent based electronic cash system. This has been achieved through combining an Optical Memory Card with mobile agent technology that are presenting hardware and software, respectively.