Principles of pictorial information systems design
Principles of pictorial information systems design
Hierarchical reasoning about direction relations
GIS '96 Proceedings of the 4th ACM international workshop on Advances in geographic information systems
Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals
Communications of the ACM
Algorithms for Hierarchical Spatial Reasoning
Geoinformatica
The Retrieval of Direction Relations using R-trees
DEXA '94 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications
Composing cardinal direction relations
Artificial Intelligence
A Family of Directional Relation Models for Extended Objects
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
The objects interaction Graticule for cardinal direction querying in moving objects data warehouses
ADBIS'10 Proceedings of the 14th east European conference on Advances in databases and information systems
A splitting line model for directional relations
Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems
Cardinal directions between complex regions
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
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Besides topological relations and approximate relations, cardinal directions have turned out to be an important class of qualitative spatial relations. In spatial databases and GIS they are frequently used as selection criteria in spatial queries. But the available models of cardinal relations suffer from a number of problems like the unequal treatment of the two spatial objects as arguments of a cardinal direction relation, the use of too coarse approximations of the two spatial operand objects in terms of single representative points or minimum bounding rectangles, the lacking property of converseness of the cardinal directions computed, the partial restriction and limited applicability to simple spatial objects only, and the computation of incorrect results in some cases. This paper proposes a novel two-phase method that solves these problems and consists of a tiling phase and an interpretation phase. In the first phase, a tiling strategy first determines the zones belonging to the nine cardinal directions of each spatial object and then intersects them. The result leads to a bounded grid called objects interaction grid. For each grid cell the information about the spatial objects that intersect it is stored in an objects interaction matrix. In the second phase, an interpretation method is applied to such a matrix and determines the cardinal direction. These results are integrated into spatial queries using directional predicates.