An Efficient Electronic Payment System Protecting Privacy
ESORICS '94 Proceedings of the Third European Symposium on Research in Computer Security
ID-Based Blind Signature and Ring Signature from Pairings
ASIACRYPT '02 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
Anonymity Control in E-Cash Systems
FC '97 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Financial Cryptography
Hierarchical watermarking for secure image authentication with localization
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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This study introduces a technology that utilizes digital images as electronic money by inserting watermark into the images. Watermark technology assigns contents-ID to images and inserts the ID into the images in an unnoticeable way. The server that manages the issue and the usage of image electronic money (called ‘WaterCash' hereafter) stores contents-IDs to database and manage them as electronic money. WaterCash guarantees anonymity and prevents the forgery and modification of WaterCash based on semi-fragile watermarking technique. In addition, WaterCash is transferable and the illegal use of WaterCash can be prevented based on the watermarking technology. Because the watermarking technology used in this paper was designed to be robust to image compression but vulnerable to intentional or unintentional image processing, WaterCash is applied to JPEG-compressed images.