Untraceable off-line cash in wallet with observers
CRYPTO '93 Proceedings of the 13th annual international cryptology conference on Advances in cryptology
Atomicity in electronic commerce
PODC '96 Proceedings of the fifteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing
Optimistic protocols for fair exchange
Proceedings of the 4th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
A new public key cryptosystem based on higher residues
CCS '98 Proceedings of the 5th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Efficient verifiable encryption (and fair exchange) of digital signatures
CCS '99 Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Separability and Efficiency for Generic Group Signature Schemes
CRYPTO '99 Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Wallet Databases with Observers
CRYPTO '92 Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Off-Line Fair Payment Protocols Using Convertible Signatures
ASIACRYPT '98 Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
FC '98 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Financial Cryptography
Money Conservation via Atomicity in Fair Off-Line E-Cash
ISW '99 Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Information Security
Optimistic fair exchange of digital signatures
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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Verifiable encryption allows a receiver, who cannot decrypt the ciphertext, to verify what has been encrypted. This technique is widely used in fair exchange to convince a receiver that he/she can later obtain the requested item by presenting the item in an encrypted form to a TTP (Trusted Third Party). In this paper, we apply verifiable encryption to offline payment systems based on the representation problem to provide the payment atomicity. Our verifiable encryption uses the Naccache-Stern cryptosystem and a proof of equality of discrete logarithms from different groups. Although additional cost is required during payments, we show that the cost is reasonable. Furthermore, we have improved the efficiency of dispute settlement significantly. In our method, the TTP does not have to interact with any other party other than the one who filed a complaint to resolve disputes.