Vocal communication of emotion: a review of research paradigms
Speech Communication - Special issue on speech and emotion
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Combining Pattern Classifiers: Methods and Algorithms
Combining Pattern Classifiers: Methods and Algorithms
Affective Human-Robotic Interaction
Affect and Emotion in Human-Computer Interaction
Real-Time Emotion Recognition Using Echo State Networks
PIT '08 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE tutorial and research workshop on Perception and Interactive Technologies for Speech-Based Systems: Perception in Multimodal Dialogue Systems
A Speaker Independent Approach to the Classification of Emotional Vocal Expressions
ICTAI '08 Proceedings of the 2008 20th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence - Volume 02
Data Fusion at Different Levels
Multimodal Signals: Cognitive and Algorithmic Issues
The COST 2102 Italian Audio and Video Emotional Database
Proceedings of the 2009 conference on Neural Nets WIRN09: Proceedings of the 19th Italian Workshop on Neural Nets, Vietri sul Mare, Salerno, Italy, May 28--30 2009
Cultural Specific Effects on the Recognition of Basic Emotions: A Study on Italian Subjects
USAB '09 Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of the Workgroup Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Engineering of the Austrian Computer Society on HCI and Usability for e-Inclusion
The new italian audio and video emotional database
COST'09 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Development of Multimodal Interfaces: active Listening and Synchrony
Text independent methods for speech segmentation
Nonlinear Speech Modeling and Applications
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
The new italian audio and video emotional database
COST'09 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Development of Multimodal Interfaces: active Listening and Synchrony
COST'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication and Enactment
Comparison of complementary spectral features of emotional speech for german, czech, and slovak
COST'11 Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Cognitive Behavioural Systems
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The present paper proposes a new speaker-independent approach to the classification of emotional vocal expressions by using the COST 2102 Italian database of emotional speech. The audio records extracted from video clips of Italian movies possess a certain degree of spontaneity and are either noisy or slightly degraded by an interruption making the collected stimuli more realistic in comparison with available emotional databases containing utterances recorded under studio conditions. The audio stimuli represent 6 basic emotional states: happiness, sarcasm/irony, fear, anger, surprise, and sadness. For these more realistic conditions, and using a speaker independent approach, the proposed system is able to classify the emotions under examination with 60.7% accuracy by using a hierarchical structure consisting of a Perceptron and fifteen Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) trained to distinguish within each pair (couple) of emotions under examination. The best features in terms of high discriminative power were selected by using the Sequential Floating Forward Selection (SFFS) algorithm among a large number of spectral, prosodic and voice quality features. The results were compared with the subjective evaluation of the stimuli provided by human subjects.