Suffix arrays: a new method for on-line string searches
SIAM Journal on Computing
Software testing in the real world: improving the process
Software testing in the real world: improving the process
Machine Learning
Automated software testing: introduction, management, and performance
Automated software testing: introduction, management, and performance
Conditional Random Fields: Probabilistic Models for Segmenting and Labeling Sequence Data
ICML '01 Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning
Application of Linguistic Techniques for Use Case Analysis
RE '02 Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary IEEE Joint International Conference on Requirements Engineering
A simple rule-based part of speech tagger
ANLC '92 Proceedings of the third conference on Applied natural language processing
Introduction to the CoNLL-2000 shared task: chunking
ConLL '00 Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on Learning language in logic and the 4th conference on Computational natural language learning - Volume 7
CoScripter: automating & sharing how-to knowledge in the enterprise
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semantic discourse segmentation and labeling for route instructions
COLING ACL '06 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop
Interpreting written how-to instructions
IJCAI'09 Proceedings of the 21st international jont conference on Artifical intelligence
Learning to follow navigational route instructions
IJCAI'09 Proceedings of the 21st international jont conference on Artifical intelligence
Software Test Engineering with IBM Rational Functional Tester: The Definitive Resource
Software Test Engineering with IBM Rational Functional Tester: The Definitive Resource
Toward understanding natural language directions
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Text2Test: Automated Inspection of Natural Language Use Cases
ICST '10 Proceedings of the 2010 Third International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation
Reading between the lines: learning to map high-level instructions to commands
ACL '10 Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Text to software: developing tools to close the gaps in software engineering
Proceedings of the FSE/SDP workshop on Future of software engineering research
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As applications are developed, functional tests ensure they continue to function as expected. Nowadays, functional testing is mostly done manually, with human testers verifying a system's functionality themselves, following hand-written instructions. While there exist tools supporting functional test automation, in practice they are hard to use, require programming skills, and do not provide good support for test maintenance. In this paper, we take an alternative approach: we semi-automatically convert hand-written instructions into automated tests. Our approach consists of two stages: first, employing machine learning and natural language processing to compute an intermediate representation from test steps; and second, interactively disambiguating that representation to create a fully automated test. These two stages comprise a complete system for converting hand-written functional tests into automated tests. We also present a quantitative study analyzing the effectiveness of our approach. Our results show that 70% of manual test steps can be automatically converted to automated test steps with no user intervention.