A classification of long-term evolutionary dynamics
ALIFE Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Artificial life
Perpetuating evolutionary emergence
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior on From animals to animats 5
Creativity in evolution: individuals, interactions, and environments
Creative evolutionary systems
Artificial chemistries—a review
Artificial Life
Evolvable self-replicating molecules in an artificial chemistry
Artificial Life
ICAL 2003 Proceedings of the eighth international conference on Artificial life
Evolution of complexity in real-world domains
Evolution of complexity in real-world domains
Validation of evolutionary activity metrics for long-term evolutionary dynamics
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
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A simple artificial chemistry for the Squirm3 artificial environment, consisting of replicators that produce quasi-universal enzymes, is presented. The aim of this system is twofold: first, to demonstrate the survival of extracellular replicators despite the presence of faster-replicating parasites; second, to observe the evolution of adaptively useful enzymes. Accomplishing these goals will underpin future attempts to attain open-ended and/or creative evolution in the Squirm3 environment. The first aim is achieved by attaching enzymes to their replicators. Our software implementation demonstrates replicators with 10 bases prospering in the presence of parasites with zero bases. To accomplish the second aim, a process for creating selection pressure toward longer molecules is introduced. The evolution and subsequent dominance of a replicator that produces an adaptively useful enzyme is demonstrated experimentally. Finally, we comment on the crucial role played by neutral evolution and discuss the biological significance of our results.