Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks
IPDPS '01 Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium
Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Timing synchronization in decode-and-forward cooperative communication systems
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Asynchronous cooperative diversity
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Distributed space-time-coded protocols for exploiting cooperative diversity in wireless networks
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Energy-efficiency of MIMO and cooperative MIMO techniques in sensor networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Cooperative Distributed MIMO Channels in Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Cooperative Space-Time Block Codes for Wireless Video Sensor Networks
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
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Time synchronization is crucial for the implementation of cooperative communication in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we explore the effect of synchronization error on cooperative communication utilizing distributed Alamouti code. The analysis and simulation results show that small synchronization error has negligible effect on bit error rate (BER) performance. In order to synchronize the distributed sensor nodes within an acceptable error, we propose a physical layer synchronization scheme. This scheme consists of an initial synchronization of the cooperative transmitters, synchronization error estimation at the cooperative receiver and finally a feedback phase. A maximum likelihood method is proposed to make the synchronization error estimation. It achieves better performance than the matched filter method at the price of moderate increase in computational complexity and memory space. Two strategies after synchronization error estimation have been analyzed. They provide better BER performance in the existence of initial synchronization error. They are practical to be implemented in the sensor nodes before the Alamouti decoding.