Gain-control-free blind carrier frequency offset acquisition for QAM constellations
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
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In this paper, a novel phase estimator that can be employed for both square and cross Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) based digital transmission is presented. It does not need gain control and requires only the knowledge of the type of the transmitted symbol constellation, i.e., square or cross. It is based on the evaluation of the fourth power of the received data and the measurement of the orientation of the concentration ellipses of the bivariate Gaussian distribution having the same second-order moments. The analytical evaluation of the estimation error as well as of the asymptotic variance is provided. Experimental results outline the good performance of the estimator described here, which is superior to that of well-known phase estimation methods. Finally, it is outlined how the eccentricity of the concentration ellipses can be used to devise a test for detecting the constellation type.