Hierarchical Probabilistic Macromodeling for QCA Circuits
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Using CAD to shape experiments in molecular QCA
Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Analysis of missing and additional cell defects in sequential quantum-dot cellular automata
Integration, the VLSI Journal
Molecular QCA design with chemically reasonable constraints
ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems (JETC)
Thermal switching error versus delay tradeoffs in clocked QCA circuits
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Binary Adders on Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata
Journal of Signal Processing Systems
An information-theoretic analysis of quantum-dot cellular automata for defect tolerance
ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems (JETC)
A comparative analysis and design of quantum-dot cellular automata memory cell architecture
International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications
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Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) offers a new paradigm for molecular electronics, a paradigm in which information transmission and processing depend on electrostatic interactions between charges in arrays of cells composed of quantum dots. Fundamental questions about the operational temperature and functional gain of devices built from molecular-scale QCA cells are addressed in this paper through a statistical-mechanical model based on electrostatic interactions. The model provides exact solutions for the thermodynamic constraints on operation of small arrays of cells (up to 15). An Ising approximation dramatically reduces the computational task and allows modeling of the thermodynamic behavior of semi-infinite QCA wires. The probability of getting the correct output from a QCA device for a given input depends on temperature, cell size, cell-cell distance, effective dielectric constant of the medium, and the number of cells in the array. Using parameters derived from molecular candidates for QCA cells, the statistical-mechanical model predicts that majority gates should give correct output at temperatures of up to 450 K, while wires of thousands to millions of QCA cells are predicted to operate as functional devices at room temperature.