Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks
MobiCom '99 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Geography-informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice
Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning
Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning
Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks
HICSS '00 Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-Volume 8 - Volume 8
Introduction to Evolutionary Computing
Introduction to Evolutionary Computing
Genetic Algorithm for Energy Efficient Clusters in Wireless Sensor Networks
ITNG '07 Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology
An energy-efficient multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks: Research Articles
International Journal of Communication Systems - Energy-Efficicent Network Protocols and Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks
A biologically-inspired clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks
Computer Communications
Multi-agent-based clustering approach to wireless sensor networks
International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing
A power-efficient routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks
Applied Soft Computing
Computational Intelligence in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey
IEEE Wireless Communications
An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE Communications Magazine
Stable-Aware Evolutionary Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
ELACCA: Efficient Learning Automata Based Cell Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
Minimum distance clustering algorithm based on an improved differential evolution
International Journal of Sensor Networks
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Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a rapidly evolving technological platform with tremendous and novel applications. Recent advances in WSN have led to many new protocols specifically designed for them where energy awareness (i.e. long lived wireless network) is an essential consideration. Most of the attention, however, has been given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. As routing approach with hierarchical structure is realized to successfully provide energy efficient solution, various heuristic clustering algorithms have been proposed. As an attractive WSN routing protocol, LEACH has been widely accepted for its energy efficiency and simplicity. Also, the discipline of meta-heuristics Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) has been utilized by several researchers to tackle cluster-based routing problem in WSN. These biologically inspired routing mechanisms, e.g., HCR, have proved beneficial in prolonging the WSN lifetime, but unfortunately at the expense of decreasing the stability period of WSN. This is most probably due to the abstract modeling of the EA's clustering fitness function. The aim of this paper is to alleviate the undesirable behavior of the EA when dealing with clustered routing problem in WSN by formulating a new fitness function that incorporates two clustering aspects, viz. cohesion and separation error. Simulation over 20 random heterogeneous WSNs shows that our evolutionary based clustered routing protocol (ERP) always prolongs the network lifetime, preserves more energy as compared to the results obtained using the current heuristics such as LEACH, SEP, and HCR protocols. Additionally, we found that ERP outperforms LEACH and HCR in prolonging the stability period, comparable to SEP performance for heterogeneous networks with 10% extra heterogeneity but requires further heterogeneous-aware modification in the presence of 20% of node heterogeneity.