A robust content-based digital image watermarking scheme
Signal Processing
Risk-distortion analysis for video collusion attacks: a mouse-and-cat game
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
NPT based video watermarking with non-overlapping block matching
Transactions on computational science XI
Effectiveness of ST-DM watermarking against intra-video collusion
IWDW'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Digital Watermarking
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We develop a novel video watermarking framework based on the collusion-resistant design rules formulated in a companion paper. We propose to employ a spatially-localized image dependent approach to create a watermark whose pairwise frame correlations approximate those of the host video. To characterize the spread of its spatially-localized energy distribution, the notion of a watermark footprint is introduced. Then we explain how a particular type of image dependent footprint structure, comprised of subframes centered around a set of visually significant anchor points, can lead to two advantageous results: pairwise watermark frame correlations that more closely match those of the host video for statistical invisibility, and the ability to apply image watermarks directly to a frame sequence without sacrificing collusion-resistance. In the ensuing overview of the proposed video watermark, two new ideas are put forward: synchronizing the subframe locations using visual content rather than structural markers and exploiting the inherent spatial diversity of the subframe-based watermark to improve detector performance. Simulation results are presented to show that the proposed scheme provides improved resistance to linear frame collusion, while still being embedded and extracted using relatively low complexity frame-based algorithms.