Normalized Cuts and Image Segmentation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Semantic based image retrieval: a probabilistic approach
MULTIMEDIA '00 Proceedings of the eighth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Indoor-Outdoor Image Classification
CAIVD '98 Proceedings of the 1998 International Workshop on Content-Based Access of Image and Video Databases (CAIVD '98)
Automatic image annotation and retrieval using cross-media relevance models
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
In Defense of One-Vs-All Classification
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Hidden Markov models for automatic annotation and content-based retrieval of images and video
Proceedings of the 28th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Learning Object Categories from Google"s Image Search
ICCV '05 Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Object Categorization by Learned Universal Visual Dictionary
ICCV '05 Proceedings of the Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Principled Hybrids of Generative and Discriminative Models
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 1
Multiclass SVM Model Selection Using Particle Swarm Optimization
HIS '06 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems
A survey of content-based image retrieval with high-level semantics
Pattern Recognition
Image retrieval: Ideas, influences, and trends of the new age
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Particle Swarm Model Selection
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Markov random fields and spatial information to improve automatic image annotation
PSIVT'07 Proceedings of the 2nd Pacific Rim conference on Advances in image and video technology
Hands-On Pattern Recognition: Challenges in Machine Learning, volume 1
Hands-On Pattern Recognition: Challenges in Machine Learning, volume 1
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This article describes the application of particle swarm model selection (PSMS) to the problem of automatic image annotation (AIA). PSMS can be considered a black-box tool for the selection of effective classifiers in binary classification problems. We face the AIA problem as one of multi-class classification, considering a one-vs-all (OVA) strategy. OVA makes a multi-class problem into a series of binary classification problems, each of which deals with whether a region belongs to a particular class or not. We use PSMS to select the models that compose the OVA classifier and propose a new technique for making multi-class decisions from the selected classifiers. This way, effective classifiers can be obtained in acceptable times; specific methods for preprocessing, feature selection and classification are selected for each class; and, most importantly, very good annotation performance can be obtained. We present experimental results in six data sets that give evidence of the validity of our approach; to the best of our knowledge the results reported herein are the best obtained so far in the data sets we consider. It is important to emphasize that despite the application domain we consider is AIA, nothing restricts us of applying the methods described in this article to any other multi-class classification problem. .