Highly-resilient, energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor networks
ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review
On the impact of alternate path routing for load balancing in mobile ad hoc networks
MobiHoc '00 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring
WSNA '02 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks
HICSS '00 Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-Volume 8 - Volume 8
Routing techniques in wireless sensor networks: a survey
IEEE Wireless Communications
IEEE Communications Magazine
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A wireless sensor network (WSN) is expected to have a significant impact on military and civil applications such as target field imaging, intrusion detection, weather monitoring. Sensors are battery-powered, and hence energy-conserving communications are essential to prolong the sensor network's lifetime. Also, given the unreliable nature of the wireless channels and the high failure rate of the individual sensors, a fault tolerant routing protocol with energy-efficiency is getting more and more attention. In this paper, we propose an energy-adaptive multiple paths routing algorithm (EMRA) for wireless sensor networks. It consists of three elements: (i) gradients to disseminate data over multiple paths from a source to a sink, (ii) rules used for setting up disjoint multiple paths, and (iii) policies for selecting multiple paths. By limiting the maximum number of the gradients, the exploratory data messages forwarded is decreased efficiently. By using the rules for setting up disjoint multiple paths, the sink node can get a sufficient number of disjoint multiple paths, which enables EMRA to recover from a routing failure quickly. Our analysis and simulation results reveal that EMRA performs better than the existing multiple paths routing algorithms in terms of the average dissipated energy and the delay to set up multiple paths.