Communicative facial displays as a new conversational modality
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Facial expression recognition: a clustering-based approach
Pattern Recognition Letters
Coding Facial Expressions with Gabor Wavelets
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
Comprehensive Database for Facial Expression Analysis
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
A 3D Facial Expression Database For Facial Behavior Research
FGR '06 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Spectral Methods for Automatic Multiscale Data Clustering
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 1
A tutorial on spectral clustering
Statistics and Computing
Dynamic training using multistage clustering for face recognition
Pattern Recognition
A Survey of Affect Recognition Methods: Audio, Visual, and Spontaneous Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Toward Practical Smile Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Frontal view recognition using spectral clustering and subspace learning methods
ICANN'10 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Artificial neural networks: Part I
Class-Specific Kernel-Discriminant Analysis for Face Verification
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security - Part 2
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security - Part 2
Support vector machines for histogram-based image classification
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Weighted Piecewise LDA for Solving the Small Sample Size Problem in Face Verification
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Facial emotion recognition with expression energy
Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction
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In this paper, the robustness of appearance-based subspace learning techniques in geometrical transformations of the images is explored. A number of such techniques are presented and tested using four facial expression databases. A strong correlation between the recognition accuracy and the image registration error has been observed. Although it is common-knowledge that appearance-based methods are sensitive to image registration errors, there is no systematic experiment reported in the literature. As a result of these experiments, the training set enrichment with translated, scaled and rotated images is proposed for confronting the low robustness of these techniques in facial expression recognition. Moreover, person dependent training is proven to be much more accurate for facial expression recognition than generic learning.