Principles of Mobile Communication
Principles of Mobile Communication
Wireless sensor networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
A wireless sensor network For structural monitoring
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
SenSlide: a sensor network based landslide prediction system
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Deploying a Wireless Sensor Network on an Active Volcano
IEEE Internet Computing
NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Security Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks
CNSR '07 Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on Communication Networks and Services Research
A wireless sensor network for structural health monitoring: performance and experience
EmNets '05 Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors
DCOSS '09 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
Channel modeling and analysis for wireless networks in underground mines and road tunnels
IEEE Transactions on Communications
On network connectivity of wireless sensor networks for sandstorm monitoring
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
QoS-aware MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: A survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
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Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) constitute one of the promising application areas of the recently developed wireless sensor networking techniques. The main difference between WUSNs and the terrestrial wireless sensor networks is the communication medium. The propagation characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) waves in soil and the significant differences between propagation in air prevent a straightforward characterization of the underground wireless channel. To this end, in this paper, advanced channel models are derived to characterize the underground wireless channel and the foundational issues for efficient communication through soil are discussed. In particular, the underground communication channel is modeled considering not only the propagation of EM waves in soil, but also other effects such as multipath, soil composition, soil moisture, and burial depth. The propagation characteristics are investigated through simulation results of path loss between two underground sensors. Moreover, based on the proposed channel model, the resulting bit error rate is analyzed for different network and soil parameters. Furthermore, the effects of variations in soil moisture are investigated through field measurement results. The theoretical analysis and the simulation results prove the feasibility of wireless communication in underground environment and highlight several important aspects in this field. This work will lead to the provision of a generic framework for underground wireless communication and the realization of WUSNs.