Embedded audio coding (EAC) with implicit auditory masking
Proceedings of the tenth ACM international conference on Multimedia
What's Your Sign?: Efficient Sign Coding for Embedded Wavelet Image Coding
DCC '00 Proceedings of the Conference on Data Compression
Embedded Image Coding Using ZeroBlocks of Subband/Wavelet Coefficients and Context Modeling
DCC '01 Proceedings of the Data Compression Conference
Multiple description wavelet coding of layered video using optimal redundancy allocation
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Highly scalable hybrid image coding scheme
Digital Signal Processing
Distortion estimators for bitplane image coding
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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It is well known that the fixed rate coder achieves optimality when all coefficients are coded with the same rate-distortion (R-D) slope. In this paper, we show that the performance of the embedded coder can be optimized in a rate-distortion sense by coding the coefficients with decreasing R-D slope. We denote such a coding strategy as rate-distortion optimized embedding (RDE). RDE allocates the available coding bits first to the coefficient with the steepest R-D slope, i.e., the largest distortion decrease per coding bit. The resultant coding bitstream can be truncated at any point and still maintain an optimal R-D performance. To avoid the overhead of coding order transmission, we use the expected R-D slope, which can be calculated from the coded bits and is available in both the encoder and the decoder. With the probability estimation table of the QM-coder, the calculation of the R-D slope can be just a lookup table operation. Experimental results show that the rate-distortion optimization significantly improves the coding efficiency in a wide bit rate range