Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Forensic applications and techniques in telecommunications, information, and multimedia and workshop
A bibliography on blind methods for identifying image forgery
Image Communication
Digital image forensics: a booklet for beginners
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Image tampering detection using methods based on JPEG compression artifacts: a real-life experiment
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies
Using JPEG quantization tables to identify imagery processed by software
Digital Investigation: The International Journal of Digital Forensics & Incident Response
Median filtering detection using edge based prediction matrix
IWDW'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Digital-Forensics and Watermarking
Blind median filtering detection using statistics in difference domain
IH'12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Information Hiding
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We routinely encounter digital color images that were previously compressed using the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) standard. En route to the image's current representation, the previous JPEG compression's various settings-termed its JPEG compression history (CH)-are often discarded after the JPEG decompression step. Given a JPEG-decompressed color image, this paper aims to estimate its lost JPEG CH. We observe that the previous JPEG compression's quantization step introduces a lattice structure in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain. This paper proposes two approaches that exploit this structure to solve the JPEG Compression History Estimation (CHEst) problem. First, we design a statistical dictionary-based CHEst algorithm that tests the various CHs in a dictionary and selects the maximum a posteriori estimate. Second, for cases where the DCT coefficients closely conform to a 3-D parallelepiped lattice, we design a blind lattice-based CHEst algorithm. The blind algorithm exploits the fact that the JPEG CH is encoded in the nearly orthogonal bases for the 3-D lattice and employs novel lattice algorithms and recent results on nearly orthogonal lattice bases to estimate the CH. Both algorithms provide robust JPEG CHEst performance in practice. Simulations demonstrate that JPEG CHEst can be useful in JPEG recompression; the estimated CH allows us to recompress a JPEG-decompressed image with minimal distortion (large signal-to-noise-ratio) and simultaneously achieve a small file-size.