Principles of mobile communication (2nd ed.)
Principles of mobile communication (2nd ed.)
Prospects and problems of wireless communication for underwater sensor networks
Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing - Underwater Sensor Networks: Architectures and Protocols
A Static Multi-hop Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Using RF Electromagnetic Communications
ICDCSW '09 Proceedings of the 2009 29th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops
Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice
Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice
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A comprehensive study of electromagnetic waves underwater propagation for a wireless sensor network is introduced in this paper. A mathematical model for the path loss due to attenuation of electromagnetic waves propagates in sea and pure water is given. Reflection from the air-water and water-sand interfaces as a function of distance between sensors and water depth is also introduced. A high gain antenna is required to overcome the high value of path loss. A bow-tie antenna is very common antenna used for underwater wireless communication applications. A high gain bow-tie antenna is designed and simulated using FEKO software. The antenna performance parameters studied in this paper are return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, input impedance and gain.