Automatic music transcription: challenges and future directions
Journal of Intelligent Information Systems
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The statistical multipitch analyzer described in this paper estimates multiple fundamental frequencies (F0s) in polyphonic music audio signals produced by pitched instruments. It is based on hierarchic4al nonparametric Bayesian models that can deal with uncertainty of unknown random variables such as model complexities (e.g., the number of F0s and the number of harmonic partials), model parameters (e.g., the values of F0s and the relative weights of harmonic partials), and hyperparameters (i.e., prior knowledge on complexities and parameters). Using these models, we propose a statistical method called infinite latent harmonic allocation (iLHA). To avoid model-complexity control, we allow the observed spectra to contain an unbounded number of sound sources (F0s), each of which is allowed to contain an unbounded number of harmonic partials. More specifically, to model a set of time-sliced spectra, we formulated nested infinite Gaussian mixture models based on hierarchical and generalized Dirichlet processes. To avoid manual tuning of influential hyperparameters, we put noninformative hyperprior distributions on them in a hierarchical manner. For efficient Bayesian inference, we used a modern technique called collapsed variational Bayes. In comparative experiments using audio recordings of piano and guitar solo performances, iLHA yielded promising results and we found that there would be room for improvement based on modeling of temporal continuity and spectral smoothness.