A line in the sand: a wireless sensor network for target detection, classification, and tracking
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking - Special issue: Military communications systems and technologies
ExScal: Elements of an Extreme Scale Wireless Sensor Network
RTCSA '05 Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications
Trio: enabling sustainable and scalable outdoor wireless sensor network deployments
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Health monitoring of civil infrastructures using wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Fidelity and yield in a volcano monitoring sensor network
OSDI '06 Proceedings of the 7th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
SensorScope: Out-of-the-Box Environmental Monitoring
IPSN '08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Wireless sensor network for substation monitoring: design and deployment
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems
PermaDAQ: A scientific instrument for precision sensing and data recovery in environmental extremes
IPSN '09 Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems
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The design of Ripple-2, a wireless in-situ soil moisture sensing system is presented in this paper. The main objective of such system is to collect high fidelity and fine grained data both spatially and temporally compared to radar remote sensing, which is the more traditional way of capturing soil moisture, and to use the former to validate and calibrate the latter. To do so, the in-site sensor network must cover a sufficiently large area, on the order of at least a few square kilometers. At the same time, cost constraints (both in deployment and in maintenance) puts a limit on the total number of sensor nodes, resulting in a very sparse (on average) network. The main challenge in designing the system lies in achieving reliability and energy efficiency in such a sparse network. For instance, in our pilot deployment, a 200mx400m area is covered by 22 nodes (average inter-node distance 50m). Traditional WSN technology typically calls for many more nodes to be deployed in such an area. Ripple-2 is introduced as a non-traditional WSN architecture where (1) the network is physically and logically segmented into isolated clusters, (2) a regular node (or end device, ED) only communicates with the cluster head (CH) of its segment, and (3) the ED-CH communication is distinct from the CH-sink (or CH-Data Server) and both links can use virtually any kind of point-to-point wireless technology. We use both simulated and empirical results to demonstrate the effectiveness of Ripple-2; it proves to be ideal for low duty-cycle data collection applications due to its exceptional small network overhead (typically smaller than 1%) and its robustness to the size of the network.