Cross-VM side channels and their use to extract private keys
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Mortar: filling the gaps in data center memory
Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments
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OS fingerprinting tries to identify the type and version of a system based on gathered information of a target host. It is an essential step for many subsequent penetration attempts and attacks. Traditional OS fingerprinting depends on banner grabbing schemes or network traffic analysis results to identify the system. These interactive procedures can be detected by intrusion detection systems (IDS) or fooled by fake network packets. In this paper, we propose a new OS fingerprinting mechanism in virtual machine hypervisors that adopt the memory de-duplication technique. Specifically, when multiple memory pages with the same contents occupy only one physical page, their reading and writing access delay will demonstrate some special properties. We use the accumulated access delay to the memory pages that are unique to some specific OS images to derive out whether or not our VM instance and the target VM are using the same OS. The experiment results on VMware ESXi hypervisor with both Windows and Ubuntu Linux OS images show the practicability of the attack. We also discuss the mechanisms to defend against such attacks by the hypervisors and VMs.