Firearm Identification System Based on Ballistics Image Processing
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Ballistics Projectile Image Analysis for Firearm Identification
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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The application of non-invasive optical 3D sensing technology for the acquisition of toolmarks and forensic traces from projectiles and cartridges is currently an emerging field of research. In this work we will present a first taxonomy of possible toolmarks on cartridges and projectiles that has been developed in cooperation with the German state police. Furthermore, we will introduce a concept of coarse- and detail-scan deduced from the domain of latent fingerprint analysis. There a coarse-scan is used for system determination as well as detection and localization of traces, and subsequent detail-scans are used for detailed evaluation of the detected toolmarks microstructure. In our research we use a laser-scanning confocal microscope to acquire a very high detail topography image, a laser-intensity image, and a color image of the assessed surface simultaneously. This allows the combination of 2D and 3D information for a more reliable analysis of the given specimens. Detailed description of the forensic ballistic process, the related work, the identified standards, and the potential useful toolmarks as well as characteristics, are given in the course of this publication. We further present a first evaluation that is based on the assumption that detailed laser-intensity and topography information of the analyzed cartridges will improve the segmentation of cartridge bottoms. Using an overall set of 18 cartridges from three different manufactures, fired by three different weapons; the first segmentation results show a very positive tendency compared to a processing that is merely based on the 2D color information. Furthermore, line-profile measurement is applied for the firing-pin impression. While the experiments are of preliminary nature the first results look promising.