The active badge location system
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
The Cricket location-support system
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
W4: Real-Time Surveillance of People and Their Activities
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The anatomy of a context-aware application
Wireless Networks - Selected Papers from Mobicom'99
W4S: A real-time system detecting and tracking people in 2 1/2D
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume I - Volume I
Integrated Person Tracking Using Stereo, Color, and Pattern Detection
CVPR '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
WLAN Location Determination via Clustering and Probability Distributions
PERCOM '03 Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
Multi-Camera Multi-Person Tracking for EasyLiving
VS '00 Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Workshop on Visual Surveillance (VS'2000)
Hydra: Multiple People Detection and Tracking Using Silhouettes
ICIAP '99 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
A Multi-Agent Framework for Visual Surveillance
ICIAP '99 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Z-Tiles: building blocks for modular, pressure-sensing floorspaces
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Location-based Services: Fundamentals and Operation
Location-based Services: Fundamentals and Operation
The magic carpet: physical sensing for immersive environments
CHI EA '97 CHI '97 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
See-Through-Wall Imaging using Ultra Wideband Pulse Systems
AIPR '05 Proceedings of the 34th Applied Imagery and Pattern Recognition Workshop
A Novel Through-Wall Imaging Method Using Ultra WideBand Pulse System
IIH-MSP '06 Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia
Smart Carpet: A Footstep Tracking Interface
AINAW '07 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops - Volume 02
Challenges: device-free passive localization for wireless environments
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Robust estimator for non-line-of-sight error mitigation in indoor localization
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Location Fingerprint Analyses Toward Efficient Indoor Positioning
PERCOM '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Sixth Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
PERCOM '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Sixth Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
A Testbed for Localizing Wireless LAN Devices Using Received Signal Strength
CNSR '08 Proceedings of the Communication Networks and Services Research Conference
The Horus location determination system
Wireless Networks
Pinpointing users with location estimation techniques and Wi-Fi hotspot technology
International Journal of Network Management
Wireless Positioning Technologies and Applications
Wireless Positioning Technologies and Applications
TileTrack: Capacitive human tracking using floor tiles
PERCOM '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
Smart cevices for smart environments: Device-free passive detection in real environments
PERCOM '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
Analysis of a device-free passive tracking system in typical wireless environments
NTMS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on New technologies, mobility and security
Ground-Based Wireless Positioning
Ground-Based Wireless Positioning
Ubiquitous Computing Fundamentals
Ubiquitous Computing Fundamentals
Ubiquitous Computing Fundamentals
Ubiquitous Computing Fundamentals
Mobile Positioning and Tracking: From Conventional to Cooperative Techniques
Mobile Positioning and Tracking: From Conventional to Cooperative Techniques
An evaluation of indoor location determination technologies
Journal of Location Based Services
Place lab: device positioning using radio beacons in the wild
PERVASIVE'05 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Pervasive Computing
Towards smart surroundings: enabling techniques and technologies for localization
LoCA'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Location- and Context-Awareness
A survey of indoor positioning systems for wireless personal networks
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
HABITS: a Bayesian filter approach to indoor tracking and location
International Journal of Bio-Inspired Computation
A distributed location system for the active office
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking
Localization of RFID-equipped assets during the operation phase of facilities
Advanced Engineering Informatics
Hi-index | 0.24 |
In recent years the need for indoor localisation has increased. Earlier systems have been deployed in order to demonstrate that indoor localisation can be done. Many researchers are referring to location estimation as a crucial component in numerous applications. There is no standard in indoor localisation thus the selection of an existing system needs to be done based on the environment being tracked, the accuracy and the precision required. Modern localisation systems use various techniques such as Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Angle of Arrival (AOA). This paper is a survey of various active and passive localisation techniques developed over the years. The majority of the localisation techniques are part of the active systems class due to the necessity of tags/electronic devices carried by the person being tracked or mounted on objects in order to estimate their position. The second class called passive localisation represents the estimation of a person's position without the need for a physical device i.e. tags or sensors. The assessment of the localisation systems is based on the wireless technology used, positioning algorithm, accuracy and precision, complexity, scalability and costs. In this paper we are comparing various systems presenting their advantages and disadvantages.