The cost of a cloud: research problems in data center networks
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Cutting the electric bill for internet-scale systems
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2009 conference on Data communication
Greening the internet with nano data centers
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Emerging networking experiments and technologies
Greening the internet with content-centric networking
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking
Models for an Energy-Efficient P2P Delivery Service
PDP '10 Proceedings of the 2010 18th Euromicro Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-based Processing
Robust and flexible power-proportional storage
Proceedings of the 1st ACM symposium on Cloud computing
INFOCOM'10 Proceedings of the 29th conference on Information communications
The Akamai network: a platform for high-performance internet applications
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2010 conference
NapSAC: design and implementation of a power-proportional web cluster
Proceedings of the first ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Green networking
ElasticTree: saving energy in data center networks
NSDI'10 Proceedings of the 7th USENIX conference on Networked systems design and implementation
Capping the brown energy consumption of Internet services at low cost
GREENCOMP '10 Proceedings of the International Conference on Green Computing
LEGUP: using heterogeneity to reduce the cost of data center network upgrades
Proceedings of the 6th International COnference
Green server design: beyond operational energy to sustainability
HotPower'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Power aware computing and systems
Greening geographical load balancing
Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS joint international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Intelligent Placement of Datacenters for Internet Services
ICDCS '11 Proceedings of the 2011 31st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
Server selection for carbon emission control
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Green networking
The energy and emergy of the internet
Proceedings of the 10th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review - Special issue on the 31st international symposium on computer performance, modeling, measurements and evaluation (IFIPWG 7.3 Performance 2013)
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Large-scale Internet applications, such as content distribution networks, are deployed across multiple datacenters and consume massive amounts of electricity. To provide uniformly low access latencies, these datacenters are geographically distributed and the deployment size at each location reflects the regional demand for the application. Consequently, an application's environmental impact can vary significantly depending on the geographical distribution of end-users, as electricity cost and carbon footprint per watt is location specific. In this paper, we describe FORTE: Flow Optimization based framework for request-Routing and Traffic Engineering. FORTE dynamically controls the fraction of user traffic directed to each datacenter in response to changes in both request workload and carbon footprint. It allows an operator to navigate the three-way tradeoff between access latency, carbon footprint, and electricity costs and to determine an optimal datacenter upgrade plan in response to increases in traffic load. We use FORTE to show that carbon taxes or credits are impractical in incentivizing carbon output reduction by providers of large-scale Internet applications. However, they can reduce carbon emissions by 10% without increasing the mean latency nor the electricity bill.