Multicast routing in datagram internetworks and extended LANs
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
TCP Vegas: new techniques for congestion detection and avoidance
SIGCOMM '94 Proceedings of the conference on Communications architectures, protocols and applications
Receiver-driven layered multicast
Conference proceedings on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Floor control for large-scale MBone seminars
MULTIMEDIA '97 Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Receiver-driven bandwidth adaptation for light-weight sessions
MULTIMEDIA '97 Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Multimedia
ETP '03 Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMM workshop on Experiential telepresence
Designing a large-scale video chat application
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
A comparison of chat and audio in media rich environments
CSCW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Scalable on-demand media streaming for heterogeneous clients
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications (TOMCCAP)
H.263+: video coding at low bit rates
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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Online meetings allow for remote conferencing and collaborative work among geographically dispersed participants and can save time and expenses that an ordinary face-to-face meeting would require. However, carrying real-time communication within the packet-switched Internet is a challenging task, especially in an African context, which is characterized by low bandwidth and unstable Internet connections. This paper presents and evaluates a tool that was designed to enhance the user experience for Web-based conferencing, given the constraints of Internet conditions typical of Africa. Approaches used to achieve this goal included: reprioritisation of multimedia streams, image differentiation, half duplex communication mode and stream compression. It was found that less than 56 kbps of bandwidth was required in order to: transmit audio; use video to convey presence; share slides and screen; and support text-based chat and floor control. Furthermore, users were largely satisfied with the tool and felt that it created a good user experience.