Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Wireless sensor networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Set k-cover algorithms for energy efficient monitoring in wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
SenSlide: a sensor network based landslide prediction system
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Deploying a Wireless Sensor Network on an Active Volcano
IEEE Internet Computing
Wireless Sensor Networks for precision horticulture in Southern Spain
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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The hybrid wireless sensor network is a promising application of wireless sensor networking techniques. The main difference between a hybrid WSN and a terrestrial wireless sensor network is the wireless underground sensor network, which communicates in the soil. In this paper, a hybrid wireless sensor network architecture is introduced. The framework to deploy and operate a hybrid WSN is developed. Experiments were conducted using a soil that was 50% sand, 35% silt, and 15% clay; it had a bulk density of 1.5g/cm^3 and a specific density of 2.6cm^-^3. The experiment was conducted for several soil moistures (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) and three signal frequencies (433, 868 and 915MHz). The results show that the radio signal path loss is smallest for low frequency signals and low moisture soils. Furthermore, the node deployment depth affected signal attenuation for the 433MHz signal. The best node deployment depth for effective transmission in a wireless underground sensor network was determined.