iPlane: an information plane for distributed services
OSDI '06 Proceedings of the 7th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation - Volume 7
Measuring load-balanced paths in the internet
Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Routing optimization in IP networks utilizing additive and concave link metrics
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Discarte: a disjunctive internet cartographer
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2008 conference on Data communication
Multiple routing configurations for fast IP network recovery
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
NSDI'10 Proceedings of the 7th USENIX conference on Networked systems design and implementation
On the prevalence and characteristics of MPLS deployments in the open internet
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement conference
Revealing MPLS tunnels obscured from traceroute
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Deployment of an Algorithm for Large-Scale Topology Discovery
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
LIFEGUARD: practical repair of persistent route failures
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2012 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
From Paris to Tokyo: on the suitability of ping to measure latency
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Internet measurement conference
Pythia: yet another active probing technique for alias resolution
Proceedings of the ninth ACM conference on Emerging networking experiments and technologies
A survey of interdomain routing policies
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
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Initially, packet forwarding in the Internet was destination-based -- that is, a router would forward all packets with the same destination address to the same next hop. In this paper, we use active probing methods to quantify and characterize deviations from destination-based forwarding in today's Internet. From over a quarter million probes, we analyze the forwarding behavior of almost 40,000 intermediate routers. We find that, for 29% of the targeted routers, the router forwards traffic going to a single destination via different next hops, and 1.3% of the routers even select next hops in different ASes. Load balancers are unlikely to explain these AS-level variations, and in fact we uncover causes including routers inside MPLS tunnels that otherwise employ default routes. We also find that these violations can significantly affect the results of measurement tools that rely on destination-based forwarding, and we discuss some ideas for making these tools more robust against these violations.