GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
A high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing
Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Challenges for efficient communication in underwater acoustic sensor networks
ACM SIGBED Review - Special issue on embedded sensor networks and wireless computing
Modeling the underwater acoustic channel in ns2
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Performance evaluation methodologies and tools
Focused beam routing protocol for underwater acoustic networks
Proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on Underwater Networks
VBF: vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater sensor networks
NETWORKING'06 Proceedings of the 5th international IFIP-TC6 conference on Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications Systems
The challenges of building mobile underwater wireless networks for aquatic applications
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking
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Unlike terrestrial sensor networks, underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) have salient features such as a long propagation delay, narrow bandwidth, and high packet loss over links. Hence, path setup-based routing protocols proposed for terrestrial sensor networks are not applicable because a large latency of the path establishment is observed, and packet delivery is not reliable in UWSNs. Even though routing protocols such as VBF (vector based forwarding) and HHVBF (hop-by-hop VBF) were introduced for UWSNs, their performance in terms of reliability deteriorates at high packet loss. In this paper, we therefore propose a directional flooding-based routing protocol, called DFR, in order to achieve reliable packet delivery. DFR performs a so-called controlled flooding, where DFR changes the number of nodes which participate in forwarding a packet according to their link quality. When a forwarding node has poor link quality to its neighbor nodes geographically advancing toward the sink, DFR allows more nodes to participate in forwarding the packet. Otherwise, a few nodes are enough to forward the packet reliably. In addition, we identify two types of void problems which can occur during the controlled flooding and introduce their corresponding solutions. Our simulation study using ns-2 simulator proves that DFR is more suitable for UWSNs, especially when links are prone to packet loss. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (This paper is an extended version of our previous work presented in MTS/IEEE OCEANS 2008, Quebec City, Canada, September 2008.)