The X-Kernel: An Architecture for Implementing Network Protocols
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
A dynamic network architecture
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
TCP/IP illustrated (vol. 2): the implementation
TCP/IP illustrated (vol. 2): the implementation
Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
WMCSA '99 Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications
A Multi-Radio Unification Protocol for IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks
BROADNETS '04 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Broadband Networks
Net-X: a multichannel multi-interface wireless mesh implementation
ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review
An adaptive communication architecture for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
An overview of vertical handover decision strategies in heterogeneous wireless networks
Computer Communications
MAC Protocol Adaptation in Cognitive Radio Networks: An Experimental Study
ICCCN '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks
RBMulticast: receiver based multicast for wireless sensor networks
WCNC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE conference on Wireless Communications & Networking Conference
IEEE Wireless Communications
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Semantic to intelligent web era: building blocks, applications, and current trends
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems
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Recent devices developed for emerging wireless networks, such as 4G cellular networks, wireless mesh networks, and mobile ad hoc networks, support multiple communication substrates and require execution of multiple protocols within a layer, which cannot be supported efficiently by traditional, layered protocol stack approaches. While cross-layer approaches can be designed to support these new requirements, the lack of modularity makes cross-layer approaches inflexible and hence difficult to adapt for future devices and protocols. Thus, there is a need for a new protocol architecture to provide universal support for cross-layer interactions between layers, while also supporting multiple communication substrates and multiple protocols within a stack. In this paper, we propose Universal Protocol Stack (UPS), which provides such support in a modular way through packet-switching, information-sharing and memory management. To show that UPS is realizable with very low overhead and that it enables concurrent and independent execution of protocols of the same stack layer, first, we present a wireless sensor network test-bed evaluation, where UPS is implemented in TinyOS and installed on individual sensor motes. Two cross-layer routing protocols are implemented and evaluated with UPS and without UPS. We also implemented UPS in the OPNET simulator, where the IP (e.g., Routing Information Protocol (RIP)) and AODV routing protocols are executed concurrently to support networks with both static and mobile wireless nodes. Our implementation shows that the overhead incurred to implement UPS is very low, and little or no modification is required to adapt existing protocols to the UPS framework. Both studies also show the advantage of enabling concurrent protocol execution within a stack layer, improving the successful packet delivery ratio or the total number of packets sent for the investigated scenarios.