IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
How to distinguish posed from spontaneous smiles using geometric features
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Eyes do not lie: spontaneous versus posed smiles
Proceedings of the international conference on Multimedia
Multimodal coordination of facial action, head rotation, and eye motion during spontaneous smiles
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
A Statistical Method for 2-D Facial Landmarking
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
A smile can reveal your age: enabling facial dynamics in age estimation
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia
A smile can reveal your age: enabling facial dynamics in age estimation
Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Multimedia
A review of motion analysis methods for human Nonverbal Communication Computing
Image and Vision Computing
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Smiling is an indispensable element of nonverbal social interaction. Besides, automatic distinction between spontaneous and posed expressions is important for visual analysis of social signals. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method to distinguish between spontaneous and posed enjoyment smiles by using the dynamics of eyelid, cheek, and lip corner movements. The discriminative power of these movements, and the effect of different fusion levels are investigated on multiple databases. Our results improve the state-of-the-art. We also introduce the largest spontaneous/posed enjoyment smile database collected to date, and report new empirical and conceptual findings on smile dynamics. The collected database consists of 1240 samples of 400 subjects. Moreover, it has the unique property of having an age range from 8 to 76 years. Large scale experiments on the new database indicate that eyelid dynamics are highly relevant for smile classification, and there are age-related differences in smile dynamics.